Ringraziamenti
L’autore desidera ringraziare per la disponibilità e il permesso di utilizzare i materiali inclusi nelle figure: la Dr. Amanda Woodrooffe, Asterand Ltd, il Dr. Gordon Baxter, BioWisdom Ltd, i Dottori Albert Li e Aarti Uzgare, Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences Inc., il Dr. Malcolm Wilkinson, Kirkstall Ltd, e il Dr. Rick Groleau, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Center for Life Sciences Boston. Un ringraziamento è dovuto anche a Kathy Archibald del Safer Medicines Trust e al Dr. Peter Fishman di Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. per gli utili consigli nella stesura di questo articolo.
Figura 1
Diagrammi di Venn di sostanze che causano effetti avversi nei fegati degli esseri umani, roditori, e / o nonroditori. (a) Il numero di composti che comportano effetti in ogni classe di specie: da sole e in più di una classe, e (b) con le percentuali di sostanze si evidenziano azioni sul fegato nell’uomo con effetti solo nell’uomo, negli esseri umani e nei roditori, negli esseri umani e nei nonroditori e infine in tutte le tre classi di specie, quali definite da affermazioni derivate da Medline per un totale di 1061 sostanze (vedi http://www.biowisdom.com/downloads/SIP_Board_Species_Concordance.pdf).
Figura 2
Confronto dei pattern di espressione QRT-PCR per 5-HT2B in 20 tessuti di topo (rosso) e umano (blu). Ogni braccio radiale numerato rappresenta un diverso tipo di tessuto, e i cerchi concentrici rappresentano entità di espressione genica in mRNA per numero di esemplari per 100 ng di RNA totale. I punti dei dati sono valori medi da 3 valori indipendenti (cioè generati da 3 campioni per ogni tipo di tessuto, ciascuno ottenuto da un animale / donatore separato). I tessuti sono (1) cuore, (2) esofago, (3) stomaco, (4) digiuno, (5) colon, (6) pancreas, (7) fegato, (8) cervelletto, (9) corteccia frontale, (10 ) midollo spinale, (11) trachea, (12) parenchima polmonare, (13) rene, (14) vescica, (15) ovaio, (16) utero, (17) deferenti, (18) testicolo, (19) milza , (20) pelle. (vedi Coleman, [26]).
Figura 3
Alcuni esempi di test che comportano co-colture cellulari. Tali metodi consentono l’applicazione simultanea di sostanze a più tipi di cellule, con il significato di studiare l’influenza (ad esempio, tramite fattori secreti) di un tipo di cellula sopra l’altro, e degli effetti di metaboliti prodotti da un tipo di cellula in funzione di un’altra. (a) tecnologia IdMOC. Tipicamente, le cellule vengono seminate in pozzetti interni (contrassegnati in verde) e incubate per 24 ore per permettere l’attaccamento, dopo di che il più grande, rettangolo (giallo), è invaso bene da terreni contenenti substrati o composti di prova. Il terreno che causa l’allagamento consente l’interconnessione di pozzi multipli all’ interno della cella mimando l’integrazione di più organi attraverso la circolazione sistemica. (b) Il pannello superiore mostra un sistema “quasi-vivo”: il pannello inferiore è una rappresentazione schematica di come le camere possono essere collegate in serie con differenti tipi di cellule in ciascuna. La prima camera A1 è una camera a flusso doppio con liquidi / terreni diversi su entrambi i lati di una membrana porosa o impalcatura su cui le cellule sono in coltura. Il tipo A1 di camera può essere atto a fornire una interfaccia aria-liquido sostituendo uno dei flussi liquidi per via aerea. (c) Lung su un chip. Un pannello superiore mostra i circuiti integrati, un pannello inferiore illustra schematicamente il particolare del disegno e la disposizione degli epiteliali bronchiali e delle vie respiratorie e dell’ endotelio vascolare in entrambi i lati di una membrana porosa. I chips sono dispositivi polimerici lunghi 2 cm. progettati per imitare la funzione di polmone umano. Il sistema di microfluidi incorpora un’interfaccia alveolo-capillare che è fiancheggiato da due camere laterali. L’interfaccia alveolo-capillare è costituita da una membrana flessibile e porosa, un polimero di 10 micron di spessore, rivestita con matrice extracellulare (ECM) che separa un canale contenente cellule epiteliali alveolari umani e uno strato di aria da un canale contenente cellule endoteliali microvascolari polmonari umane e uno strato scorrevole di colture cellulari. L’ applicazione del vuoto alle camere laterali deforma le pareti sottili che separano queste camere dall’interfaccia, causando l’ estensione della membrana polimerica flessibile così imitando gli effetti meccanici della respirazione.
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